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Question 1 of 5
How does permafrost thawing lead to the potential revival of ancient microbes and viruses? Put the following events in the correct order to show how this process unfolds as global temperatures rise.
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Scientists collect samples from tawed soils, lake beds, and animal remains.
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Some microbes “wake up” and begin metabolic activity after thousands of years.
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Researchers identify and study reactivated microbes and viruses in the lab.
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The permafrost layer begins to thaw due to rising global temperatures.
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Ancient organic matter, including microbes and viruses, becomes exposed.
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Hint: Watch the introductory video and the video “Frozen Time Bombs: Zombie Viruses in Melting Ice” before answering. They explain how ancient microorganisms reawaken from permafrost and how this process unfolds in a warming environment.
Question 2 of 5
Which of the following statements about “zombie viruses” and permafrost thawing are correct ? (Select all that apply.)
Hint: Watch the video “Frozen Time Bombs: Zombie Viruses in Melting Ice” before answering. It explains how ancient viruses are discovered, revived, and studied safely in the lab.
Question 3 of 5
Match each role of marine viruses with the correct description of its impact on ocean ecosystems and climate.
Releases organic matter and carbon back into seawater through cell lysis (viral shunt)
Promotes photosynthesis, allowing more CO₂ to be absorbed from the atmosphere
Helps maintain a balance of carbon storage and release, influencing CO₂ levels in the atmosphere
Acts indirectly to maintain healthy ocean ecosystems and moderate global temperature
Viral infection of bacteria and phytoplankton
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Regulation of microbial populations
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Support for phytoplankton growth
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Hidden climate regulators
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Hint: Review the video “The Ocean’s Viral Engine” before answering. It explains how viruses affect marine microbes, the carbon cycle, and climate regulation.
Question 4 of 5
Look at the cryo-electron microscopy image of cyanophages infecting Prochlorococcus . Based on the video, which statement best explains the significance of this interaction in the ocean’s carbon cycle?
Hint: Review the video “The Ocean’s Viral Engine” before answering. It explains how viral infections contribute to the viral shunt and recycle carbon in the ocean.
Question 5 of 5
Put the following steps in the correct order to show how the engineered paramecia (E‑Para) virus‑scavenging system works in water purification.
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After treatment, E‑Para are magnetically retrieved from the water, preventing secondary contamination.
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The engineered paramecia (E‑Para) swim in contaminated water and ingest viruses or virus‑containing particles.
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Magnetic nanoparticles modified with virus‑binding antibodies (MNPs@Ab) are integrated into the vacuoles of the paramecia to form the Virus‑Scavenging Organelle (VSO).
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The purified water contains fewer active viruses — including EV71, H1N1, Adenovirus type 5 — showing broad‑spectrum virus removal potential.
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Captured viruses are confined inside the VSO, and in situ generation of hydroxyl radicals (•OH) via the nanoparticle catalysis deactivates the viruses.
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Hint: Watch the video “Can Viruses Save the Planet?” and refer to the scheme shown for the E‑Para/VSOs mechanism .
